MACAN TURBO E, MINI ROCKET


The Porsche Macan Turbo Electric is more than just an electric vehicle—it epitomizes the essence of Porsche’s commitment to innovation and performance. By staying true to the brand’s DNA, this next-generation Macan is set to redefine the electric SUV segment while delivering a genuinely exhilarating driving experience that is undeniably Porsche. It offers a compelling blend of style, performance, and practicality for discerning buyers in the market for an all-electric luxury SUV that doesn’t compromise on driving dynamics or overall quality.
The Porsche Macan Turbo Electric is the all-electric variant of the popular Macan compact luxury SUV. It combines the impressive performance, high-quality interior, and advanced technology of the standard Macan with the efficiency and sustainability of an electric powertrain.

As I drove the Porsche Macan Turbo Electric for more than 50 kms, it delivered an electrifying and exhilarating driving experience that is customisable to suit individual preferences. With its powerful electric powertrain, it offered instant acceleration and responsive handling, providing an intensely adrenalizing experience behind the wheel. This all-electric SUV transcends the typical expectations of a sporty SUV and embodies the essence of a genuine Porsche, combining the brand’s iconic performance and design with the benefits of electric mobility.


The Porsche Macan Turbo Electric distinguishes itself as the most athletic and visually striking SUV in the electric vehicle segment. Its dynamic design elements, such as pronounced fenders, a low-lying bonnet, and a distinct front apron, contribute to its sporty appearance, sleek aerodynamics (0.25Cd). The eye-catching exterior also includes signature Porsche design features, such as tinted split LED Matrix Beam headlights, which add to the vehicle’s aggressive yet refined aesthetic.


I just love the unique turbo characteristics and gently sloping flyline further accentuates the Macan Turbo Electric’s dynamic design, making it an exceptional choice for those seeking both style and performance in an all-electric SUV.


The Porsche Macan Turbo Electric marks a significant departure from its combustion-powered predecessors, as it is built on an entirely new platform designed exclusively for electric vehicles. Co-developed with Audi, the Premium Platform Electric (PPE) architecture allows for greater design flexibility and enhanced performance capabilities.
Despite the shift to an all-electric powertrain and the adoption of the PPE platform, the Macan Electric remains true to its heritage, boasting an unmistakable Macan design. Its distinctive exterior combines traditional Porsche design elements with modern touches, showcasing the brand’s commitment to both innovation and maintaining its iconic visual identity.

By moving away from the constraints of an internal combustion engine and embracing the possibilities of electric propulsion, Porsche has reimagined the Macan for the future while preserving the characteristics that have made it a popular choice among SUV enthusiasts. This successful balance of tradition and progress ensures that the Macan Electric remains a genuine Porsche in both appearance and performance.

The Porsche Macan Turbo Electric incorporates several design elements inspired by its sportscar counterparts, such as the iconic 911.
Some of these features include:
Staggered tyres: The Macan Electric sports different-sized tyres at the front and rear, a characteristic often seen in performance vehicles like the 911, which enhances handling and cornering abilities.

The Porsche Macan Turbo Electric sets a new standard in the SUV segment by offering an industry-first feature—22-inch light alloy wheels. These wheels are meticulously designed with aerodynamic optimization in mind, featuring a sleek rim contour and a high-gloss black coating for an eye-catching finish. The addition of high-sheen wheel center caps adorned with the Porsche crest in carbonite further enhances the vehicle’s luxurious appearance.

For those seeking an even sportier look, an alternative option includes 22-inch RS Spyder-style wheels paired with high-performance tyres. These wheels, inspired by the iconic Porsche RS Spyder race car, not only add to the Macan Electric’s aggressive aesthetics but also contribute to improved handling and performance on the road.

The Porsche Macan Turbo Electric offers a range of wheel options that cater to both style and performance preferences, setting it apart from its competitors in the electric SUV market.

Frameless doors: The lack of a visible door frame on the Macan Electric adds to its sleek and aerodynamic appearance, reminiscent of the sporty design found on the Porsche 911.

Raked roofline: The sloping roofline of the Macan Electric is another design cue borrowed from the 911, contributing to the vehicle’s overall sporty profile.

Active wing: Similar to the active spoiler found on the Porsche Carrera, the Macan Electric also features an active wing that adjusts to provide optimal aerodynamics and stability during high-speed driving or cornering.
During high-speed highway driving, the active wing on the Macan Electric plays a critical role in maintaining vehicle stability and road grip. By reducing lift and generating downforce, the active wing ensures that the Macan Electric remains composed and responsive, even at breakneck speeds. This sophisticated technology not only enhances overall performance and handling but also contributes to increased efficiency by minimizing air resistance and drag. With the active wing, Porsche continues to set new standards in automotive engineering, blending cutting-edge innovation with unrivaled driving dynamics.
These design elements not only add to the Macan Electric’s visual appeal but also enhance its performance capabilities, making it a true sports car-inspired SUV.

Aerodynamics have been carefully considered, incorporating features such as active cooling flaps, air curtains, a flat underbody, and a diffuser.
The Porsche Macan Turbo Electric includes several additional exterior features that contribute to its overall style and functionality:
Electrically operated panoramic sunglass roof system: The SUV boasts a large panoramic sunroof with built-in roller blinds, providing occupants with a bright and airy interior while offering the option to block direct sunlight for increased comfort.
What I really admired was the panoramic sunroof, which floods the interior with natural light and provides occupants with stunning views of the sky above. This design element creates an inviting and airy atmosphere within the vehicle, adding to the overall comfort and sophistication of the cabin.


Rear matte finish with ‘PORSCHE’ lettering: The rear of the vehicle featureed a sleek, matte black paint finish and bold ‘PORSCHE’ lettering, adding to its distinct and sporty appearance.Tinted LED tail lights with a continuous light strip and 3D graphics:
The Macan Electric’s rear lighting consists of tinted LED tail lights with a continuous light strip, which not only enhances visibility but also creates a striking visual effect. Additionally, the 3D light graphics add depth and further accentuate the vehicle’s athletic character.


These exterior features, coupled with the previously mentioned design elements, work together to create a vehicle that is both visually appealing and practical, showcasing Porsche’s dedication to craftsmanship and innovation.


The 2025 Porsche Macan Turbo Electric masterfully blends luxury and motorsport-inspired design, creating an interior that seamlessly marries sophistication with performance. A functional front trunk (frunk) provides added practicality while maintaining the vehicle’s dynamic driving capabilities. The cabin featured an array of bespoke touches, such as deviated stitching and deviated leather seat centers, along with the iconic Porsche crest on the headrests and optional colored seat belts that emphasize exclusivity, truly luxurious.

Leather-wrapped seat consoles and painted air vents further elevate the craftsmanship within the Macan Turbo Electric. The heated GT Sport steering wheel, adorned with carbon fiber inlays and Race-Tex material, ensures a tactile connection to the road while enhancing the vehicle’s high-performance feel. A panoramic sunroof bathes the cabin in natural light, highlighting the premium materials and attention to detail throughout.

The adaptive front sport seats, upholstered in smooth Black leather with contrasting Turbonite stitching, are designed to offer both sportiness and comfort. These 18-way electric seats feature adjustable, contoured bolsters for improved lateral support, a low seating position for a driver-focused experience, and integrated heating and ventilation for added comfort. The Memory Package allows drivers to save their preferred seat adjustments, ensuring every journey in the Macan Turbo Electric is as thrilling as it is luxurious.
The contoured bolsters on these seats provide enhanced lateral support, keeping you securely in place as you navigate tight corners and high-speed turns. Additionally, the low seating position places you closer to the road, fostering a more immersive and driver-centric experience.


The interior of the Macan Turbo Electric showcases a Turbonite interior package, which features accent strips in the front and rear side doors and the dashboard. This unique design element is complemented by Turbonite-inspired contrast stitching and seat belts, creating a visually striking and luxurious atmosphere.
Overall, the Macan Electric’s adaptive front sport seats provide a superb combination of style, comfort, and performance-oriented features, making them an integral part of the vehicle’s premium and engaging driving experience.


Its exhilarating clasping the non-slip multifunction GT sports steering wheel, measuring 360 mm in diameter, offered a comfortable and ergonomic driving experience. With an integrated thumb rest and a 12 o’clock marking, the steering wheel is covered in smooth black leather and offers four customizable driving modes, along with a heating option for added comfort.


The 2025 Porsche Macan Turbo Electric sets a new standard in digital integration and advanced technology with its state-of-the-art infotainment system.
The driver-centric layout includes a configurable 12.6-inch curved digital instrument cluster, displaying vital driving information with an optional augmented reality head-up display that projects an 87-inch virtual interface for real-time navigation and driver assistance. Two 10.9-inch screens are dedicated to the central infotainment system and an optional passenger display, providing intuitive access to various vehicle functions and ensuring an engaging experience for all occupants.

The 10.9-inch central display allows for customization of various vehicle functions by the passenger. Further enhancing the driving experience, a multicolored augmented reality (AR) head-up display offers navigation support and presents warning alerts for the driver’s convenience and safety.
“We’ve further developed the Porsche identity with its tried-and-tested operating elements and added customer-relevant content such as music and video streaming and gaming apps,” says Mohamad.
One of the standout software features in the Porsche Macan Turbo Electric is the integration of the Android operating system. This innovative addition allows users to seamlessly connect their personal profiles from popular apps such as Spotify and YouTube, granting them access to their curated playlists and recommended content directly from the vehicle’s infotainment system.

The thoughtfully designed interior of the Macan Turbo Electric reflects Porsche’s commitment to crafting a luxurious, high-tech, and driver-focused environment, providing occupants with both comfort and advanced technology that elevates the overall driving experience.
“We’ve combined the best of two worlds,” says Miriam Mohamad. “The seamless transition between the smartphone ecosystem and the car is important to us.”
By offering this level of connectivity, Porsche aims to provide a personalized and convenient driving experience, similar to that of using a smartphone. Drivers can now enjoy their favorite music, podcasts, and video content without having to manually connect their mobile devices, making the Macan Turbo Electric a truly connected and user-friendly vehicle.

Porsche and Burmester have collaborated closely in the development and design of this advanced sound system, with a shared vision of uncompromising innovation, outstanding performance, and exceptional build quality. The resulting sound characteristics align with Burmester.
The Porsche Macan Turbo Electric offers an exceptional audio experience with its state-of-the-art Burmester 3D High-End Surround Sound System. This premium audio setup delivers crystal-clear sound, ensuring that each instrument in your favorite jazz tracks can be appreciated with incredible clarity and detail.
The Porsche Macan Turbo Electric’s Burmester 3D High-End Surround Sound System offers an unrivaled audio experience. This cutting-edge system combines Auro-3D® technology, 21 active speakers, and a total power output of 1,470 watts, resulting in immersive and crystal-clear sound quality.

Incorporating Burmester Air Motion Transformer (AMT®) tweeters and an acoustically effective total membrane area of over 2,500 cm², the Macan’s sound system delivers a wide frequency range and rich soundstage. Multiple preset sound profiles, real-time adjustable sound controls, and selectable driver focus allow for personalized customization, while the Sound Enhancer® technology enhances compressed audio formats for an exceptional listening experience. A 3-way speaker setup ensures optimal sound distribution throughout the cabin, guaranteeing that every passenger can enjoy the same high-quality audio.
As you listen to the smooth rhythms and complex harmonies of jazz music, the Burmester system envelops you in a three-dimensional soundscape, making you feel as though you are sitting in the midst of a live performance. The system’s advanced sound processing technology and strategically placed speakers work in unison to create an immersive and dynamic listening experience, allowing you to appreciate the nuances and subtleties of jazz music like never before.


The Burmester® High-End Surround Sound System elevates the audio experience within the cabin, offering concert-like sound quality.In the quiet cabin of the Macan Electric, the Burmester 3D High-End Surround Sound System truly shines, providing a level of audio fidelity that is sure to satisfy even the most discerning audiophiles. Whether you’re cruising on the highway or navigating city streets, this exceptional sound system ensures that your musical journey is just as enjoyable as the drive itself.
The Macan Turbo Electric’s infotainment system exemplifies Porsche’s dedication to innovation and luxury, transporting drivers and passengers into the future of connected and driver-focused technology.

The Porsche Macan Turbo Electric, with its all-electric powertrain, capitalizes on the absence of an engine upfront by providing a small 84-liter trunk. While this space is primarily intended for storing charging cables, it adds a level of convenience and practicality.

At the rear, the Macan Electric offers a well-shaped boot with a 480-liter capacity in the Turbo variant, although lower-spec models provide a more generous 540 liters. The versatility of folding the rear seats further increases the available cargo capacity, allowing for a customizable storage space that adapts to various needs.
The Macan Electric’s rear trunk offers ample space for all your recreational needs. Whether you’re heading out for a round of golf or embarking on a camping adventure, this vehicle’s cargo area provides the necessary room to store your equipment and gear with ease.

Additionally, the trunk’s generous dimensions make it ideal for stowing camping gear, such as tents, sleeping bags, and cooking equipment, ensuring that you’re well-prepared for your outdoor escapades.
Overall, the Macan Electric’s storage solutions combine functionality and practicality, ensuring that drivers can benefit from the vehicle’s efficient powertrain without compromising on the convenience of transporting everyday items or larger cargo when necessary.
By combining functionality and versatility, the Macan Electric’s rear trunk offers the perfect solution for those seeking a vehicle that can keep up with their active lifestyle and accommodate their favorite pastimes, all while delivering a luxurious and eco-friendly driving experience.

The Porsche Macan Turbo Electric is built upon the Premium Platform Electric (PPE) architecture, which features a state-of-the-art High Voltage (HV) battery with an 800-volt system. This advanced battery technology enables rapid energy recuperation and significantly reduced charging times.
The 2025 Porsche Macan Turbo Electric is an exceptional vehicle that brings together impressive performance, advanced technology, and distinctive design elements. It is powered by a 100 kWh battery pack that provides an estimated range of 590 km on the WLTP cycle, translating to approximately 450-480 km of real-world range. The Macan Turbo Electric utilizes a single-speed transmission, a departure from the two-speed transmission found in the Taycan.
Powering the Macan Turbo Electric is a high-capacity 100.0 kWh battery that utilizes an 800 V architecture. This combination of cutting-edge battery technology and high-voltage architecture enables the vehicle to achieve an optimal balance of range and performance. The 800 V system allows for faster charging with upto 270kw and improved efficiency in power delivery, ensuring that drivers can enjoy the Macan Electric’s exhilarating driving experience without compromising on practicality or convenience, with a range of about 510 kms.
With a DC charging output of up to 270 kW, the HV battery can be charged from 10% to 80% within approximately 21 minutes when using a compatible fast-charging station. This impressive charging speed ensures that Macan Turbo Electric drivers can quickly replenish their vehicle’s energy reserves, minimizing downtime and maximizing time on the road.

The 800-volt architecture employed in the PPE platform represents a significant leap forward in electric vehicle technology. This innovative system not only enables faster charging times but also allows for more efficient power delivery and improved overall vehicle performance. As Porsche’s first application of the PPE architecture, the Macan Turbo Electric demonstrates the brand’s commitment to pushing the boundaries of electric mobility, offering drivers an unparalleled combination of performance, efficiency, and convenience.

The 2025 Porsche Macan Turbo Electric sets a new standard for performance and efficiency with its dual-motor all-wheel-drive system, capable of producing an impressive 630 horsepower (430 kW) and a remarkable 1130 lb-ft of torque. This power output places the Macan Turbo Electric among the highest-torque sports cars ever built by Porsche, solidifying its position as a leader in the luxury electric SUV market.
Launch Control System: The Macan’s dynamic launch feature utilizes sophisticated traction management algorithms that optimize power delivery to all four wheels simultaneously. This system preloads the drivetrain and suspends stability interventions momentarily, allowing the electric motors to deliver their full torque output from a standstill without wheelspin or energy loss.

Instant Torque Delivery: Unlike traditional combustion engines that build torque gradually through the rev range, the Macan’s electric motors provide maximum torque instantaneously. This creates the “spirited acceleration” sensation where full pulling power is available immediately upon throttle input, eliminating any lag or delay in power delivery.

Single-Speed Transmission Benefits: The 1-speed gearbox design eliminates shift points and gear changes that typically interrupt power flow. This creates seamless, uninterrupted acceleration where maximum torque remains consistently available across the entire speed range, contributing to both the impressive torque delivery and the smooth, linear power characteristic.

The Porsche Macan Turbo Electric is equipped with two state-of-the-art permanent synchronous motors, which work in tandem to provide exceptional power and efficiency. These advanced motors are paired with a 1-speed gearbox, delivering a remarkable maximum torque output of 1,130 Nm, which contributes to the vehicle’s impressive acceleration and overall performance.

The 2025 Porsche Macan Turbo Electric is equipped with a high-performance dual-motor all-wheel-drive system, which draws its power from Porsche’s advanced 800-volt architecture. This cutting-edge technology enables ultra-fast charging, ensuring drivers can quickly recharge their vehicles and get back on the road.
The dual-motor setup delivers an impressive 630 horsepower (430 kW), enabling the Macan Turbo Electric to achieve remarkable performance. This potent powertrain, combined with Porsche’s renowned all-wheel-drive system, allows the vehicle to accelerate from 0 to 60 mph in just 3.3 seconds, providing an exhilarating driving experience.

All-Wheel Drive Integration: The torque vectoring system can independently control power distribution between front and rear axles, as well as between left and right wheels. This allows the vehicle to channel the electric motors’ instant torque precisely where it’s needed for optimal traction and acceleration performance.
Regenerative Integration: The acceleration system works in harmony with regenerative braking, creating a more dynamic driving experience where energy recovery enhances rather than compromises the spirited driving characteristics that define the Porsche brand.

The Porsche Macan Turbo Electric truly shines when it comes to straight-line performance. Boasting an impressive output of up to 639 horsepower and a staggering 1,130 Nm of torque, the Macan Electric delivers exhilarating acceleration that rivals even the most formidable supercars. Its claimed 0 to 100 kph acceleration time is just 3.3 seconds when utilizing Launch Control, demonstrating its extraordinary power and responsiveness.

Engaging the Macan Electric’s Sport+ mode and activating Launch Control unleashes the vehicle’s full potential. Upon activation, the electric SUV catapults forward with immense force, providing an adrenaline-pumping experience that can only be likened to being fired out of a cannon.

The Macan Turbo Electric’s remarkable straight-line performance is further enhanced by its Overboost Power feature, which, when combined with Launch Control, can deliver up to 470 kW (639 PS). This formidable power output contributes to the vehicle’s thrilling acceleration and overall driving dynamics, solidifying its position as a force to be reckoned with in the realm of high-performance electric SUVs.

The Porsche Active Aerodynamics (PAA) system in the Macan Turbo Electric plays a crucial role in maintaining optimal on-road balance across various driving modes, speeds, and scenarios. This advanced system automatically regulates the aerodynamic function by leveraging a three-stage adaptive rear side spoiler and active air intake flaps at the front, which come with standard Turbonite painted side blades.
By intelligently adjusting these components in response to real-time driving conditions, the PAA system enhances the vehicle’s stability, efficiency, and performance. This dynamic adaptation allows the Macan Turbo Electric to achieve an ideal balance of aerodynamic efficiency and driving dynamics, ensuring that drivers can fully enjoy the vehicle’s impressive capabilities in any situation.

“The active aerodynamic elements all contribute significantly to the range,” says aerodynamics specialist Thomas Wiegand. “We have a rear spoiler that raises automatically, active cooling flaps at the front air intakes, and flexible covers on the underbody.”
The integration of the PAA system in the Macan Turbo Electric exemplifies Porsche’s dedication to pushing the boundaries of technology and innovation, creating a high-performance electric SUV that delivers an unparalleled driving experience.

The Porsche Macan Turbo Electric, as the fully electric variant of the popular Macan SUV, is powered by Porsche’s latest Permanent Synchronous Magnet (PSM) electric motor system installed on both the front and rear axles. This advanced motor setup ensures consistent and repeatable power delivery, resulting in outstanding efficiency and performance on various road conditions and even on the racetrack.
As an electric vehicle, the Macan Turbo Electric successfully upholds Porsche’s reputation for delivering class-leading sports vehicles. It combines the benefits of electric power with the exceptional driving dynamics and precision that Porsche is known for, ensuring an exhilarating driving experience without compromising on efficiency or environmental responsibility.

The Macan Turbo Electric demonstrates Porsche’s commitment to embracing electric technology and pushing the boundaries of performance, while staying true to its roots as a premier manufacturer of high-performance sports cars.
The 2025 Porsche Macan Turbo Electric exemplifies Porsche’s commitment to electrification without compromising on the brand’s iconic performance capabilities. Equipped with a dual-motor all-wheel-drive system, the Macan Turbo Electric generates an astounding 630 horsepower (430 kW) and 833 lb-ft of torque, positioning it as one of the highest-torque sports cars in Porsche’s history.

The vehicle’s rear-biased power distribution and Porsche Torque Vectoring Plus (PTV Plus) technology work in harmony to ensure exceptional acceleration and agility. The single-speed transmission provides instantaneous and seamless power delivery, offering instant torque for rapid acceleration and precise control, which are characteristic of Porsche’s legendary driving dynamics.

Engineered to balance performance and efficiency, the Macan Turbo Electric’s advanced powertrain showcases Porsche’s dedication to pushing the boundaries of electric mobility while preserving the essence of the brand’s exhilarating driving experience. This groundbreaking SUV offers an unparalleled combination of speed, responsiveness, and sustainability that is sure to impress even the most discerning enthusiasts.
Powering the Macan Turbo Electric is a high-capacity 100.0 kWh battery that utilizes an 800 V architecture. This combination of cutting-edge battery technology and high-voltage architecture enables the vehicle to achieve an optimal balance of range and performance. The 800 V system allows for faster charging with upto 270kw and improved efficiency in power delivery, ensuring that drivers can enjoy the Macan Electric’s exhilarating driving experience without compromising on practicality or convenience, with a range of about 510 kms.
Overall, the integration of these advanced powertrain components demonstrates Porsche’s commitment to pushing the boundaries of electric vehicle technology, resulting in the Macan Turbo Electric’s outstanding performance and capabilities.

Boasting an impressive drag coefficient of just 0.25 Cd, the Macan Turbo Electric effortlessly slices through air resistance, maximizing range without sacrificing power. Innovative features such as active front bumper flaps dynamically adjust to balance cooling requirements and aerodynamics, while an adaptive rear spoiler deploys automatically to generate additional downforce during high-speed driving.
The Porsche Macan Turbo Electric is equipped with the electronically controlled Porsche Traction Management (ePTM) system, providing enhanced traction and stability in various driving conditions. This advanced system operates approximately five times faster than traditional all-wheel-drive systems, capable of detecting and responding to wheel slip within just 10 milliseconds. The ePTM’s performance is further complemented by its ability to adjust the all-wheel-drive distribution based on the selected driving program.

The smooth underbody of the Macan Turbo Electric incorporates air channels that reduce turbulence, optimizing airflow for increased efficiency. In addition to its sleek design, the vehicle is equipped with rear-axle steering, providing enhanced agility at lower speeds and a remarkable 40% increase in driving stability at higher speeds. Coupled with Porsche Torque Vectoring Plus (PTV Plus) and an adaptive air suspension featuring Porsche Active Suspension Management (PASM), the Macan Turbo Electric maintains exceptional cornering prowess and stability, delivering an exhilarating and aerodynamically superior driving experience.

The 2025 Porsche Macan Turbo Electric is equipped with advanced driving dynamics systems that ensure unparalleled agility, stability, and handling, even at high speeds. The rear axle steering enhances the vehicle’s maneuverability, providing precise control during high-speed driving and tight corners. Furthermore, the Porsche Active Suspension Management (PASM) system, combined with an adaptive air suspension, optimizes the car’s balance and responsiveness with its innovative 2-valve damper technology.

With the Macan Turbo Electric features Porsche Torque Vectoring Plus (PTV Plus), an electronically operated differential lock system on the rear axle that enables agile steering during sporty driving and cornering. This system dynamically distributes torque to the rear wheels, providing improved traction and stability, especially during spirited driving scenarios.These cutting-edge technologies work together to create a driving experience that is both exhilarating and confidence-inspiring, further cementing the Porsche Macan Turbo Electric’s position as a premier performance SUV in the electric vehicle market.

The vehicle’s rear-biased power distribution and Porsche Torque Vectoring Plus (PTV Plus) technology work in harmony to ensure exceptional acceleration and agility. The single-speed transmission provides instantaneous and seamless power delivery, offering instant torque for rapid acceleration and precise control, which are characteristic of Porsche’s legendary driving dynamics.

Engineered to balance performance and efficiency, the Macan Turbo Electric’s advanced powertrain showcases Porsche’s dedication to pushing the boundaries of electric mobility while preserving the essence of the brand’s exhilarating driving experience. This groundbreaking SUV offers an unparalleled combination of speed, responsiveness, and sustainability that is sure to impress even the most discerning enthusiasts.

